Scoliosis is defined as lateral curvature of the spine
(Foundations of Athletic Training). Often rotational deformity is present,
together with the lateral deformity, and the severity of the deformity can
range from mild to severe. Scoliosis is usually seen in the thoracic (middle)
or lumbar (lower) spine, or both, and appears either as a ‘C’ or ‘S’ shape.
Scoliosis can be structural, which means that both the curvature
and rotation are present even with forward and lateral bending, or
non-structural (functional), where both the
curvature and rotation are flexible and disappear with corrective movements.
Structural scoliosis is usually caused by congenital
abnormalities or certain neuromuscular diseases, such as cerebral palsy and
muscular dystrophy. Non-structural, or
functional, scoliosis is generally caused by a problem elsewhere in the body,
such as a leg length discrepancy or muscle spasm. But 70-90% of all cases are
idiopathic, that is, of unknown cause. Idiopathic scoliosis can be seen at any
age, but is most commonly diagnosed between the ages of 10 and 13 years, and is
more prevalent in females. Degenerative scoliosis is more likely to develop in adults,
where degeneration in the spine and surrounding musculature can result in
abnormal curvature.
Mild cases of scoliosis are generally asymptomatic, as there
is minimal deformity. Such cases can, therefore, be treated with appropriate
stretching and strengthening exercises. In moderate to severe cases in children
who are still developing, it is important to monitor and re-assess the
condition on a regular basis. In these cases, the use of a brace is usually
necessary to manage the scoliosis and prevent further curvature and rotation.
In severe cases that cause pain and deformity, surgery to straighten the spine
may become necessary. If a severe scoliosis is left untreated, the rotation
places too much pressure on the lungs, resulting in an individual struggling to
breathe.
Structural scoliosis is usually more difficult to treat and
requires external assistance, such as a brace. Functional scoliosis, on the
other hand, is usually easier to treat, as the contributing factors can usually be treated. A leg length discrepancy can
be fixed by a podiatrist with an appropriate orthotic or heel lift. A
physiotherapist can release muscle spasms. A Biokineticist should be consulted
to assess what functional aspects may be contributing to the scoliosis, so that
appropriate stretching and strengthening exercises can then be prescribed to
manage the scoliosis and prevent further deterioration.
References
Foundations of Athletic Training: Prevention, Assessment,
and Management
